Today is the 140
th anniversary of the birth of
Winston Churchill.
I don’t remember when
my particular interest in him began.
No
doubt I was aware early on, through all those WWII movies and books I
voraciously consumed.
But there
was certainly much more to his life than his war days, and over time that came
into focus for me.
I now own over 40 books by or about the man, and I have read most of them.
My first perhaps was the one-volume biography
by Martin Gilbert, a condensation of his much longer treatment.
My favorite is the two-volume
The Last Lion by William Manchester, and
for an emphasis on his personal life and habits I like
The Private Lives of Winston Churchill by
John Pearson.
Of Churchill’s own work I
have especially enjoyed
My Early Life,
The River War, and
The History of the English Speaking Peoples. There was much to find and much to learn in studying the life of this most remarkable of men.
Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill was born on November 30, 1874,
into a life of privilege and wealth. He
was the grandson of a duke and the son a rich American heiress. He was born premature, so it was said, in the
coat room of his grandfather the Duke of Marlborough’s majestic Blenheim Palace. He had a very confident, perhaps
overconfident, independent nature; and surprisingly, for a great speaker, he
also had a lisp, which he worked hard all his life to mask and overcome. After a much neglected childhood, with
indifferent and self-absorbed parents, he attended Sandhurst, the British
military academy analogous to the American West Point, from which he graduated
a cavalry officer. His mother, quite
the socialite, often pulled strings with her many friends and lovers to secure advantages
for her son.
As a young man he had a remarkable career as an army
officer, war correspondent, and writer, often all simultaneously. He sought out military action wherever then it was, and often at the same wrote dispatches to newspapers
back home for pay. Then shortly thereafter he would
write a book about it all. He always had
a lifestyle that required plenty of cash, more than he was earning as
an officer even when supplemented by an allowance from his mother.
So he wrote, and wrote well.
He was an observer and correspondent during the Cuban
revolution of 1895 while on a leave from the army. He was posted to India, where he was a
skilled polo player. While there in 1897
he joined a unit in northwest India fighting a local tribe
and served with distinction, and also was well paid for his reporting from the
front. The following year, through his
mother’s influence he secured a choice position in Kitchener’s punitive expedition up
the Nile to confront an army of frenzied Islamic militants. The march to the Sudan was in part to avenge the murder there of the popular British official Charles "Chinese" Gordon, of whom Churchill wrote "a man careless alike of the frown of men or the smiles of women, of life or comfort, wealth or fame." In that campaign at the Battle of Omdurman he was part of the last
cavalry charge of the British Army.
In 1899 Churchill left the Army, lost an election for Parliament,
and headed off to South Africa to cover the Boer War as a newspaper correspondent. While an observer on a British scouting mission
in an armored train car, he bravely, though illegally, took charge while under fire at
a critical moment during a Boer attack and saved many, though he was
captured. He famously escaped from a prison
camp in Pretoria and found his way to safety in British territory, where he was
hailed as a hero. Though he continued as
a war correspondent, he then rejoined the Army for its ultimately victorious
campaign. He eventually returned to
Britain, left the Army once again, and won the first of many elections to Parliament.
Churchill was an influential political leader right from the start, joining a
group of young reform-minded Conservatives. In 1904, he left the party in a
fight over free trade, which he supported, and joined the Liberals.
With them he held many important leadership
positions, culminating in being appointed First Lord of the Admiralty, the head of the British navy, a post
he held for over three years extending into the start of WWI.
While there he upgraded, modernized, and
developed new technologies (such as the tank, despite his being in charge of the navy,
not the army).
After the disaster of the
Gallipoli campaign which he had helped formulate, he took much of the blame, unfairly in my opinion, and resigned.
He
then reactivated in the Army and served as a front line senior officer on the
brutal Western Front.
His reputation quickly recovered and he returned to a series of government
leadership positions. He led the British
support for military action in the Russian Civil War and the Irish War of
Independence. Then in 1924 he left the
Liberals and rejoined the Conservative Party, saying at the time that "anyone
can rat, but it takes a certain ingenuity to re-rat." He became Chancellor of the Exchequer (akin
to Treasury Secretary in the US) and led the country’s return to the gold standard,
which turned out to be an economic disaster.
The Conservative government was defeated in the 1929 general
election. Churchill remained a Member of
Parliament, but fought with others in his party over free trade, which he still
supported, and home rule for India, which he did not. With no leadership position and his party out
of office, Churchill became a backbencher in Parliament in what he described as
his “wilderness years.” He spent that
time writing books and articles, painting, traveling on speaking tours
(including a long one through the United States), enjoying his country estate
Chartwell, and, most importantly, increasingly warning the near-heedless free
world of the growing danger of Nazi Germany.
Melding wisdom with wit, Churchill is said to be the third
most quoted source in the English language, after the Bible and
Shakespeare. Once when asked about a
fancy London dinner he had just attended, he said "it would have been
splendid, if the wine had been as cold as the soup, the beef as rare as the
service, the brandy as old as the fish, and the maid as willing as the
Duchess." He was a truly prodigious
drinker all of his adult life, yet he lived past 90, explaining that “I have
taken more out of alcohol than it has taken out of me.” He described Russia as “a riddle wrapped in a
mystery inside an enigma.” Although an
excellent writer, Churchill once remarked that the rule against ending a
sentence with a preposition is "the sort of English up with which I will
not put." He described the
socialist Labour politician Clement Attlee as "a modest man with much to
be modest about." He said that "the vice of capitalism is
the unequal sharing of blessings, whereas the virtue of socialism is the equal
sharing of misery." He averred that
"communism was a religion – Jesuits without Jesus." Finally, in a story perhaps apocryphal,
Churchill's perennial political sparring partner Lady Astor once said to him
that if he were her husband she would poison his coffee, to which he replied
that if she were his wife he would drink it.
When war broke out again in 1939, at two months shy of his 65th
birthday Churchill was returned to power and the rest, as they say, is better
known history of this most remarkable man.
In the last volume of the Pax Britannica trilogy, his near-poetic, masterly, pointillist history
of the events and ethos of the British Empire, James Morris wrote of Churchill
at the time of his death on January 24, 1965:
He had become the living exemplar of British glory.... and
the most universally honoured man on earth.... [N]ot only his own nation, but
half the world paused wondering and reverent to mourn him. It was like that moment of antiquity when,
the wild god Pan having died, strange music sounded and spirits moved from one
end to the other of the classical world.
Churchill had gone, and a sigh, part regret, part wry, part sentimental,
went round the nations.
R Balsamo
